The Bush Administrations Relation With Iraq Prior to...

The Bush Administrations Relation With Iraq Prior to Iraqs Invasion of Kuwait Prior to the August 2, 1990 invasion of Kuwait on the part of Iraq, the United States had questionable relations with Iraq dictator, Saddam Hussein, to say the least. In retrospect, which is inherently advantageous as a 20/20 perspective, questions remain unanswered as to whether or not the United States was too appeasing to Saddam Hussein in the years, months, and days leading up to that early August morning. There remains to this day lingering questions as to the role that the US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, played in conveying the Administrations message to the Iraqi leader. In addition, questions surrounding the Administrators official†¦show more content†¦Summoned before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to clarify her role in the Administrations relations with Iraq prior to August 2, 1990, Ambassador Glaspie offered her version of the events that led to the invasion. She recalled that Iraq had first and foremost just finished a long, drawn out war with its neighbor and nemesis, Iran. Hussein, she recalled, had made repeated threats against the state of Israel in the first half of 1990, but abruptly switched his focus from Israel to that of Kuwait and another neighbor to the south, the United Arab Emirates. He announced in that speech, in the crudest and most unmistakable way, that if Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates did not revise their oil policy and produce according to their OPEC quotas, Iraq would take upon itself effective measures to make sure they did.1 Later, under examination by members of the Senate Committee, Glaspie further detailed Iraqs basic conflict with Kuwait and the UAE as ...it was Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates whom he [Saddam] accused of overproducing their OPEC quotas which of course put prices down and he needed the prices up because he was deeply in debt.2 That debt, of course, had beenShow MoreRelated War with Iraq Essay1944 Words   |  8 Pages The war with Iraq began about fifteen years ago. Still to this day people are torn between going to war and trying to keep peace with Iraq. Back when the United States first had a problem with Iraq was when they invaded Kuwait in 1990, and refused to leave. Their were three main causes that made Iraq invade Kuwait. The Iraqi leaders have always considered Kuwait to be part of Iraq because of the way it used to be a long time ago. Second, the country of Kuwait is full of oil. I am sure that was theRead MoreEssay on Persian Gulf War3474 Words   |  14 Pagesthe Gulf will have a critical impact on issues ranging from Arab-Israeli relations and religious extremism to terrorism and nuclear nonproliferation. Every president since Richard Nixon has recognized that ensuring Persian Gulf security and stability is a vital U.S. interest. The Clinton administrations strategy for achieving this goal during the presidents first term was its attempted quot;dual containmentquot; of Iraq and Iran. This is more a slogan than a strategy, however, and the policyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesshaped the likelihood and direction of migration in many forms. Labor demands and low frontier populations produced both higher wages and increased opportunities for employment and trade. At the same time, increased commercialization impacted rural relations around the world, creating both the need and the opportunities to spend money earned through the wages of migrants. The growth of commercial agriculture and rural industry also provided an impetus for seasonal rural-to-rural moves.7 In Europe alone

Taking a Look at Realism - 2663 Words

Realism Throughout history man has used his writings to record events, tell stories, inspire others, and share his opinions on certain subjects. Many intellectual movements in history have been carried along by the writings of influential authors and leaders. The literary works are then read by the common man and his opinions may or may not be influenced. Changes in his actions based on his readings will, in turn, affect how others act. The advancement of ideas and concepts eventually lead to a change in the thinking of an entire population and sometimes the world. This is true of the Realism Movement which started in the eighteenth century and has continued to the modern day. The Realism Movement would not have been nearly as far reaching if not for its counterpart: the Romantic Era. Without having first experienced the passionate, spiritual, and fairytale like qualities of the Romantic Era, the world would not have been able to appreciate the realism movement as well (Wurst). Becau se of the offsetting traits of these two ideologies people many times discuss realism and romanticism as opposites that go hand in hand. This leads to the labeling of music, actions, plays, and characters in literature as being of either realistic or romantic origins. The Realism Movement’s progression and rising popularity can be seen through both literature and American music. In literature, Henrik Ibsen, Anton Chekhov, and Mark Twain’s writings contained many realistic elements.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Socialist Realism1072 Words   |  4 Pages The persecution of progressive forms of art was not restricted to Germany. In a nearly identical way, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) created a pseudo-style of art. This form of realism, dubbed Socialist Realism, was established in 1932 by the Communist party and was comprised of more realistic and traditional art styles. Its purpose was to create a party specific art form that, in the words of Andrei Zhdanov, Stalin’s son in-law, gave a â€Å"historically concrete depiction of realityRead MoreStructural Realism After The Cold War853 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Structural Realism after the Cold War,†1 and Andrew Moravcsik s â€Å"Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,†2 it is clear that theories presented in each (Realism and Liberalism) are at odds with one another in many ways. But why did the authors reach the conclusions they did about the way that states behave in the international system? This paper seeks to answer that question. In â€Å"Structural Realism...† Waltz defends his theory of Structural Realism against criticismRead More Observations on Magical Realism Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesObservations on Magical Realism    What is magical realism? Many people have conflicting ideas about when and who first used the term. It is likely that most people are completely confused when confronted with this subject, but after they read a few papers on magical realism, it becomes a little clearer. The papers that Amaryll Chanady, Luis Leal, Angle Flores, Franz Roh, and Scott Simpkins wrote have been helpful in studying the history and theory of magical realism. Each paper has many goodRead MoreA Realist Perspective : Russia, Ukraine, And Crimea Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain the crisis as a whole, we look at historical context, political and social factors, and the reasoning that dictates an actor’s behavior. After thorough research, a realist perspective shows Russia’s power tactics over Ukraine as advancing the polarization of the East, thus allowing us to create policy recommendations to face it. Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea are the direct actors of the Ukraine crisis, who are all involved at different capacities. 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Throughout Latin America magic realism became the term to describe the style of work of the authors from 1950-1970. This period of time was also known as the â€Å"Latin boom† in literature. Magic realism has its roots in Latin America. During the time of colonizationRead More Magical Realism in The Garden of Forking Paths Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesMagical Realism in The Garden of Forking Paths While there may be some debate as to whether the Argentinian Jorge Luis Borges was technically a Magical Realist, some may feel that his works definitely do have some of the characteristics of what is considered Magical Realistic literature. Among his various types of works are poetry, essays, fantasies, and short fictions. Often referred to in essays that discuss the history and theory of Magical Realism, The Garden of Forking Paths isRead More`` Fra Angelico s San Marco Altarpiece And The Metaphors Of Perspective Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagestraditional style that had been used since the Egyptian and Byzantine periods lacked realism, not much thought was given to the use of linear perspective to create more realistic works. In fact, it wasn’t until the 15th century that realism even became valued. By the 15th century, people began to prize truth, realism, and intellect. Linear perspective gave depth through the use of spatial illusion. It created a realism in paintings that was appreciated by the growing intellect of the people. With theRead MoreGirl Before A Mirror By Pablo Picasso863 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone can agree that the reflection in a mirror when you look at yourself will illustrate a sense of pride in your appearance and achievements. In 1932, Pablo Picasso painted a picture titled Girl before a mirror with the subject being his French mistress Marie-Therese Walter. Picasso used a cubism stylistic approach while he created this painting. Furthermore, the idea of cubism is to take apart an object and break it down into simple shapes. Then, recreate those shapes onto a canvas and it willRead MoreTheme Of Magical Realism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher957 Words   |  4 Pagesrelated to gothic literature because they both have supernatural elements. However, i ts also related to magical realism because it was realistic but also contained surreal elements. Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Fall of The House of Usher† is an example of gothic literature because it resembles a dark and mysterious plot. While Julio Cotazar’s â€Å"House Taken Over† is an example of magical realism because the house gets taken over by Nazi’s, but seems as if ghost’s took over. Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of

Jayco corporation and Jayco Environmental - Free Solution

Question: Briefly describe the organization and its industry. Identify the vision statement, mission statement and statement of values; explain their appropriateness for the organization; suggest potential improvements. Identify the objectives; analyse their appropriateness for the organization; suggest potential improvements, or develop some appropriate objectives and discuss why they are applicable. Undertake an internal analysis of the organization and an analysis of its external environment using appropriate strategic management tools. Develop an appropriate strategy for the organization. Make sure you explain why the strategy is relevant and how it relates to vision/mission/objectives. Answer: Introduction: Strategic management is associated with the identification and description of the strategies that needed to be carried out the managers or decision makers of the business organizations. The competition of all types of industries has been increased in the recent years. As a result, the key of achieving the success in any business is to get the sustainable competitive advantage through effective business strategy (Rosenbaum-Elliott et al. 2015). In order to develop a proper business strategy for an organization, the managers need to understand the situation of the company and the business environment. This will help them to understand the exact requirements of the business operations of the company and the target market of the business (Percy and Rosenbaum-Elliott 2016). In this context, the analysis of the internal and external environment of an organization is very important for developing a proper strategy for the business operations of an organization. In this report, the strategic management of Jayco Corporation Pty Ltd has been analyzed. In this context, the description of the organization and the industry, in which it is conducting its business have been analyzed first in the report. After that the mission, vision and objectives are also given for analyzing the goal of the business operations of the organization. In the later section of the report, the internal and external environment of the organization have been analyzed and a strategy has been recommended for the sustainable development of the business operations of the organization. The strategy has been developed on the basis of the outcomes of the internal and external environment analysis of the organization. Background of the Organization: The selected organization for this report is the Jayco Corporation Pty Ltd, which is a recreation car manufacturer. The company is known as the best caravan manufacturer company in Australia. The company was established in the year of 1968 by Lloyd Jay Bontrager. The company has developed many innovative car models in the journey to this time from the past era. The headquarters of the company are situated in Middlebury,Indiana and USA. This is the largest manufacture of the recreation vehicles in Australia and the position of the company in the whole world is third. The company have made over 60000 vehicles in the 42 years of journey. At present the company is conducting their business activities over the international market. They have more than 2000 employees in the different section of their business area. Jayco Corporation Pty Ltd gives high priority to the customers. Once a customer buys a car from the company, they used to add the customer in the Jayco family and consider him or her with high values. Currently they are focus in the area of the customer centric business for capturing the highest position in the world as the recreation vehicles manufacturing. Background of the Industry: The company chosen for this report is a recreation vehicle manufacturer company. The demand of the recreation vehicles in Australia is very high. The country is very popular for the natural beauty of many places. The tourism business is in very high demand in the country. The people of the country are highly interested in travel and tourism (Ibisworld.com.au 2016). The popularity of the enjoyment through some activities, which are different from the daily routine of the common people, has been increased in high level in the modern world. This is one of the main reason of the high level of popularity of the recreation vehicles in the country. The high demand is indicating towards the high future growth and opportunity of the manufacturing companies. Due to the high demand of the products and good future opportunity of the products of the industry, the market is full of competition. The companies, which are developing the recreation vehicles are facing tough market completion in the target market in Australia (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). In this context, the sustainable competitive advantage gaining is very important for the companies to get the desired level of success in their business (Brown, Bessant and Lamming 2013). The research and development activities with high level of innovation are required for achieving the high level of success in the business in the recreation vehicle industry. Mission and Vision of the Organization: The mission of the company is to provide the best product to the employees as the recreation vehicles. The slogan used by the company for the promotion is Generations of Family Fun (Jayco.com.au 2016). The aim of the company is to give the maximum scope of family fun in their products, i.e., the recreation vehicles. The company is also cares for the customers (Wilson and Gilligan 2012). They used to give high values to the people who are using their cars for developing a good brand image in the target market. Therefore, the mission statement of the company should be Jayco Corporation has the aim of providing the best environment for fun in recreation vehicles with the best customer support. The vision of the company is to be the worlds largest recreation vehicles manufacturing company. It has already gained the first position in the home country and the third position in the whole world in the recreation vehicles manufacturing industry. Therefore, now the vision is growing more in their business and achieve first position in the whole world among all the recreation vehicle manufacturing companies (Jayco.com.au 2016). The vision statement of the company To build memories that last a lifetime. The companies value of working are associated with the Teamwork, Pride, Innovation, Reward and Recognition with proper planning and systems. The employees of the company are working by following proper plan and innovative way as a team for achieving the corporate goal of the company (Jayco.com.au 2016). Objectives: In order to fulfill the missions and going towards the vision of the company, it has to expand their target market and develop a very good brand image in the whole world. In this context, it has to develop a good business strategy based on the following objectives. To provide the most expected and valuable products and services to the customers To develop a very good brand image and a good customer base To provide the most innovative recreation vehicles To be the no. 1 recreation vehicle brand in the whole world Internal Environment Analysis (SWOT): Strengths: 2 year warranty from Jayco: The company provides a warranty period of two years from the manufacturer end not the dealer. This is a great opportunity to the users of the vehicles of the company that the manufacturer is giving this warranty. They dont harass the customers for claiming the warranty in case of any hazard (Jayco.com.au 2016). 1 year free access to its Customer First Roadside Assistance program: This is also helping the company to attract the customers towards the services of the company and developing a good brand image in the target market (Jayco.com.au 2016). Integrated manufacturing in Australia: The company has its integrated manufacturing unit in the country, which is helping them to provide the products to the customers in less price and shorter time. Green Initiative: The environmental development is a major concern of the company. They are developing eco-friendly fuel efficient cars, which is helping the company to reduce the carbon emissions by the products and the customers to save their money for fuels. Weaknesses: No direct customer interaction: The company dont interact with the customers directly. The corporate dealers of the cars of the company are the medium of communication between the manufacturer and the customers of the cars of the company. This is one of the main weakness of the company as the customers perception is very vital to be understood for providing best satisfactory services to them (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). Rising labor costs: The manufacturing of the recreation vehicles is associated with the efforts of any people or employees. The rising labour cost is affecting the cost efficiency of the cars of the company. No current research for alternative fuel: The company has the aim of building fuel efficient and eco-friendly cars. In this context, they need to research well to find alternative solutions of the fossil fuels (Grnig and Khn 2015). However the lack of current research activities regarding this is a major weakness of the company (Ward and Peppard, 2016). High shipping costs: The recreation cars are very huge in size, which is the reason of high shipping costs of those. This is hampering the price of the cars. Weak internet presence: The most effective way of promoting any products or services is the internet. In this context, the company has very less activities in the internet. Opportunities: Increasing RV target market: 12,000 individuals are entering in the target market of the recreation vehicles which is a great opportunity to the company to expand the business and the target market of the company and achieve the desired level of sustainability. Young adults entering the market: The young adults are very interested in the sue of the caravans or the recreation vehicles. These people have a lot of money to invest for their fun and adventure. This is also a big opportunity to the company to have major profits from the business in the upcoming times. Tax deduction from the IRS as a second mortgage: IRS has deducted the tax of the company as a second mortgage, which is an opportunity to the company for reducing the cost of the company and increase the profitability of the company. Returning customers: The customers who are using the RV of the company are satisfied well and they are returning to the company for new models with advance facilities. They are also referring the company to others. This opportunity is helping the company to expand their business. Threats: Instability of oil prices: The increasing oil price is a major threat of the company. The RVs are generally require a lot of fuel for operating. The company is trying to develop the vehicles as fuels efficient, but they also have a limit. The price of the fuels is increasing in a high rate which is affecting the business of the company (Mols 2013). Current economic state: Current economic status of the country is not so good, which is affecting the business of the company as the products are too costly. Low customer satisfaction: The company is unable to understand the actual requirements and factors needed to satisfy them due to low level of communication with them. This is a major threat to the business of the company. External Environment Analysis (PESTEL): Political: As Jayco is one of the best recreation car manufacturers in Australia, therefore, the political factors such as the government policy, instability or the political stability of the country in the overseas markets, environmental law, labor law, and tax policy have a significant impact on the business of Jayco (Ibisworld 2016). The strict political factors of Australia can be influencing for Jaycos business operation. Economic: Economic growth of Australia has grown around 2.5 % on average in the previous two years (Ibisworld 2016). On the other hand, the recreation car industry requires an environment with good economic growth (Jayco 2016). Thus, it can be a discouraging factor for the business of Jayco in Australia. Social: The social factors are very influencing for the regression car business of Jayco. People are greatly fond of regression vehicles in all over the world (Yksel, 2012). This huge car demand is also same for Australia. People with high or medium income are interested to buy the regression vehicles (Rachet 2014). People always want to avoid the public transportation. That is why, they show more interest to get their own cars and that can be fulfilled by the regression vehicles manufactured by Jayco. Technological: Due to excessive fuel consumption by the regression vehicles, the environmental sustainability is hampered the most. Therefore, this organization has to take an alternative way out to mitigate such crucial issues (Grnig and Khn 2015). Thus, it can be done with the help of inventing another fuel that would not emit carbon. On the other hand, this organization can also take the help if latest technologies so that carbon emission can be minimized in order to maintain environmental sustainability. Environmental: The regression vehicles are the major reason of the carbon emission as these vehicles require more fossil fuels. Therefore, it increases the green house gas effect in environment (Yksel 2012). Thus, the research and development team of Jayco has to implement some alternative solutions so that the environmental sustainability can be maintained. Legal: There are several legal factors those can have huge impact on the business of Jayco. These important factors can be product safety, product labeling, consumer rights and laws, advertising standards, equal opportunities and health safety (Grnig and Khn 2015). This organization should be very careful while incorporating new effective or improvising their existing legal policies regarding the health and safety as well as the consumer rights and product safety and product labeling. Recommended Strategy Development for the Organization: Jayco Corporation Pty Ltd needs so many changes to catch up with the rest of manufacturing companies. The strategy that need to adopted for the company are given in the section below: Proper leadership style: They need to leaderships training forums and workshops for their employees. This will help in transforming the kind of leaders they have to be more effective. The structure of the organization needs to support everyone and not a superior type of structure that is currently hoarding ideas and being notorious in discouraging the employees. For any organization to thrive they need took keenly on their leadership structure, their organizational structure and the handling of their employees. Use of internet and social media: They need to use the internet and the social media platform for the promotion of the products and facilities provided by them. The social media platform will also help them to directly communicate with the customer and understand their requirements. In this way, they will be able to give the superior level of customer satisfaction. Research and Development: High level of research and development activities is required for the development of the eco-friendly RVs. The company is currently not giving high focus in this area. They need to focus in the innovation in the area of fuel efficiency and alternative fuels. Conclusion: The business industry and business environment of Jayco Corporation Pty Ltd have been analyzed in this report. The company has a good brand image in the target market and a developed market through the whole world. The SWOT and PESTEL analysis have been done and after that a strategy has been recommended for the development of the business strategy of the company. Motivation to the workers is imperative as well as having the best kind of leaders as well as managers. The kind of leadership skills tend to evolve with time and it is congruent that the impediments of rigidity be avoided at all costs. The company need to give focus in the promotional, communicational and RD activities. References: Brown, S., Bessant, J.R. and Lamming, R., 2013. Strategic operations management. Routledge. Bull, J.W., Jobstvogt, N., Bhnke-Henrichs, A., Mascarenhas, A., Sitas, N., Baulcomb, C., Lambini, C.K., Rawlins, M., Baral, H., Zhringer, J. and Carter-Silk, E., 2016. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework. Ecosystem Services, 17, pp.99-111. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013. Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Eid, R. and El-Gohary, H., 2013. The impact of E-marketing use on small business enterprises' marketing success. The Service Industries Journal, 33(1), pp.31-50. Grnig, R. and Khn, R., 2015. Global Environmental Analysis. InThe Strategy Planning Process(pp. 89-96). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014. Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012. Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Ibisworld.com.au. 2016.Recreational Vehicle Manufacturing in Australia Market Research | IBISWorld. [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry/recreational-vehicle-manufacturing.html [Accessed 10 Aug. 2016]. Jayco.com.au. 2016.Jayco Australia | Our Company. [online] Available at: https://www.jayco.com.au/about-us/our-company/ [Accessed 10 Aug. 2016]. Kapferer, J.N., 2012. The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Mols, N.P., 2013. The Internet and the banks strategic distribution channel decisions. International Journal of Bank Marketing. Percy, L. and Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., 2016. Strategic advertising management. Oxford University Press. Rachet, B., 2014. PESTEL analysis and Porters Five Forces For Innocent Drinks Company.Docs. school Publications. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L., Elliott, R.H. and Pervan, S., 2015. Strategic brand management. Oxford University Press, USA. Scott, D.M., 2015. The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. Shih, B.Y., Chen, C.Y. and Chen, Z.S., 2013. An empirical study of an internet marketing strategy for search engine optimization. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries, 23(6), pp.528-540. Simons, R., 2013. Levers of control: how managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016. The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Wilson, R.M. and Gilligan, C., 2012. Strategic marketing management. Routledge. Yksel, I., 2012. Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis.International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), p.52.

Environmental Sustainability Reporting

Questions: 1. Identify critical issues in the accounting and accounting theory. 2. Explain the financial reporting environment especially with respect to corporate social reporting. 3. Critically assess the reporting practices of the two case companies. Answers: Introduction Corporate social responsibility and sustainability has gained significant importance in which companies operate in the business environment in the 21st century as the world is coming to terms with the fact that the natural resources are limited and would be depleted in their reserves by the turn of the next century. Thus corporate sustainability reporting is defined as the practice of publishing the performance benchmarks of the company in the domain of social, economic and environmental protection. Task 1 Sustainability reporting is gaining a new prominence in Australia encompassing the various aspects of corporate social responsibility measures that have been undertaken by large corporations with a view to make an impact in the domain of environmental protection, community welfare and better integration of the various social structures that influence the workings of an organisation. Particularly in this respect environmental issues have been highlighted by the government as having the utmost need to be fulfilled if the world is to function in a normal manner with the least impact on the global climate. Business sustainability reporting could be described as the process of measuring, disclosing and integrating the wants and requirements of internal and peripheral stakeholders of an organisation as a section of the greater sustainable development process. The main motive of corporate social reporting is enhancing organisational performance towards developing sustainable business proces ses that satisfy the needs, aspirations, choices and preferences of customers and at the same time minimizing the impact on the natural and social environment by suggesting suitable business solutions that would ensure business processes are viable for a substantial time in the future (Wagner, 2005). It may be noted here that the stakeholders are becoming increasingly aware of the need to make plans for establishing a viable business culture that has immense potential for value creations for themselves and also the customers within a broader perspective. The stakeholders are interested in knowing the sustainability approaches of the company In terms of social, economic and environmental sustainability of the various key initiatives taken by the company to make the business prosper and to realise its smaller term and longer term objectives. For example the legislative requirements and the regulatory framework has been forcing Australian corporations to make mandatory disclosures abou t the green house gas emission standards of their business operations and what steps are being taken by the companies to minimize their potential impact to the business. The need for corporate sustainability will now be discussed in detail. It is a well known fact that the intrinsic and extrinsic worth of a business is determined by effective professional relationships that it cultivates with the internal and peripheral partners including the people of the wider community where it operates its business in order to experience significant welfare of the common mass of that community. The ability of the company to communicate effectively with all the concerned stakeholders goes a long way to reinforce its business plans and paradigms that have been recognised as those values that drive the company forward. The distinct advantages that have been associated with corporate sustainability reporting is that it aligns the aims and objectives of the company with the inherent stakeholders value, predicting their pre-emptive action plan and then by using efficient means to enhance the value chain by implementing effective business operational cycles. From the pe rspective of stakeholders corporate sustainability reporting in its many forms like annual general reports, newsletters or hard copy memos open up a new source of knowledge with respect to issues like the activities of the business organisation regarding the adherence to laws, norms and ethical codes of business practice that have a wide ramification on the business prospects of the organisation (Wagner, 2005). These corporate publications provide the means to the stakeholders and the shareholders to form an idea of the organisational culture of the company and enable it to benchmark the various performance criteria that are used to judge its business performance. The report also throws light on the fact how a corporation goes about the process of utilising the process of company influence to implement sustainable development plans and how effectively it can use its resource to realise those plans in a practical way in the real life. Armed with the corporate sustainability report th e stakeholders can also map the financial and economic success of various business processes and projects undertaken by the company over a period of time and also compare the same parameters over a spectrum of different companies. From the point of view of regulatory requirements it is not binding on the part of the companies to make mandatory corporate sustainability initiative reports in the recent time but for the coming time the legislative authorities are mulling to include it as a part of the annual general report that a listed company publishes on a yearly basis (Montiel, 2008). Under the proposed new law the companies may have to include sustainability related information in their official newsletters and brochures so that the public could be aware of the various corporate sustainability initiatives that the company is undertaking on the behalf of its internal and external body of stakeholders. The corporate sustainability report should be planned and designed in such a way that the stakeholders including the customers and the general public become aware of the affairs of the company and that the report meets their expectations. The content of the report should be aligned with the overall business strategy, mission, vision, aims, aims and objectives of a business firm. On the whole the essence of the report should be targeted at the needs and expectations of the broader group of shareholders and stakeholders alike. The process of sustainability reporting is indeed very complex and includes a broad spectrum of corporate, economic, social and environmental initiatives that have been undertaken by the company to satisfy the needs, requirements and demands of the shareholders as well as the various concerned stakeholders. Against the backdrop of the agreement to report various aspects of corporate business sustainability findings the company must be able to comply with the vari ous reporting standards, the protocols and the benchmarks of such a report (Garriga Mel, 2004). In addition to these the report should be such that it has the capacity to provide all the relevant and the pertinent information regarding the various aspects of the company initiatives in the sustainability domain by strictly adhering to standards, rules and regulations associated with such kinds of reporting in the business domain. The GRI guidelines provide additional framework for writing such reports as they are deemed fit for this kind of business writing. The GRI guidelines provide a wider framework for such reporting that can be used by all companies working in various sectors of Australia . The value of a companys corporate sustainability report lies in its ability to make an accurate representation of the facts regarding both its performance and underperformance in various aspects of the business including areas of economic, social and environmental protection aspects. Care has to be taken that the viewpoint provided in the report is holistic and balanced without slanting to one specific area of performance like profits and digressing from areas in which the companys performance has not been up to the mark. The report should be as transparent as possible and must also include negative stakeholder feedback where such feedback has been given by the company. The utility and the relevance of the corporate sustainability report and also its credibility depends on the way the data and the information is being presented to the public. Moreover the data should be by and large objective and as impartial as possible so that erroneous assumptions are not made on the basis of a biased report. Quality of the report is of absolute importance if the company is to convince its stakeholders that it is committed and competent to manage the societal, financial and ecological factors of the business in an effective way. Needless to say that sustainability reporting sh ould be aligned with financial reporting so that proper code of conduct in the accounting standards could be maintained and the company is free from the prospect of earning disrepute from scandals of mismanaged funds and also corporate frauds. Some of the experts are of the view that corporate financial reporting standards are of rigour in the matters of data collection and accuracy and much in the same way such should be the case of corporate sustainability reporting. As the interest level of analysts in the domain of investment in the area of corporate sustainability reporting has increased the same level of accuracy and rigour of financial reporting standards needs to be applied to some dimensions and areas of CSR reporting (Montiel, 2008). Sustainability reporting creates an opportunity to the stakeholders to take look at the progress of the organisation in the domain of social, environmental and financial aspects of the practical operations of the company. It is highly importan t to keep in mind that the issues discussed in the sustainability reporting is done in the context of the overall business strategy of the company and risks that are related to such kinds of reporting like getting a cold response from the body of the shareholders and the internal and external stakeholders of the company. Failure to align the report with the overall business strategy of the company could result in the delivery of wrong information to the stakeholders that would risk damaging the relationship of the company with them and could also result in withdrawal of support of the shareholders to the strategic efforts of the company (Garriga Mel, 2004). The report could also be termed as a green wash which means the customers, shareholders and the internal and external stakeholders are misled by the company regarding the information provided to the public about the companys products or services. Sustainability reporting is becoming a accepted phenomenon in recent times due to the increased level of interest of the various groups including the shareholders, stakeholders and even members of the wider customer groups regarding the environmental and social initiative taken by the company in the best interest of the society and the community. Apart from these there is growing recognition of such initiatives not only by the stakeholders but also the customers as nobody wants to use products that are detrimental to the environment even though they may be well presented in an attractive package. The recognition of sustainability related issues could materially affect the performance of the company in terms of business growth , sales turnover and also long term and short term viability of the various business process that the company is currently executing within its own capacity in the competitive business environment of Australia and other places down under. Sustainability reportin g provides an effective channel of communication and a platform to the stakeholders to voice their concerns on various sustainability issues that affect the business and the production line of the company (Wagner, 2005). The added benefits of sustainability reporting include demonstrating a high degree of transparency between the company, the shareholders who have committed investments in the company and the internal as well as the external stakeholders. The fact that the company is publishing sustainability report shows that it is committed to expose its ability to manage economic, social and environmental issues with equal flair and that it wants to engage the stakeholders in a meaningful dialogue with the company. Apart from this CSR reporting provides for the creation of financial value since the rigorous methods applied in collecting, sorting and assimilating various kinds of data regarding the business processes of a company enable the shareholders further incentive to invest their money with the company (Garriga Mel, 2004). Also corporate sustainability reporting helps to enhance the pride of the organisation based on the interest of the partners in the areas of social, ethical and environmen tal dimensions that have widespread repercussions and ramifications within the minds of the groups of shareholders and also the internal and external stakeholders. Task 2 The Westpac bank is one of the leading banks operating in Australia and New Zealand. The bank has a rich portfolio offering of monetary services as well as asset administration and commercial investment services to retail and institutional consumers all across the globe. Corporate social responsibility Every company has focus on ensuring sustainable future in the market. Westpac Bank that is one of the leading banks working in Australia and New Zealand aims to work with different stakeholders like shareholders, employees, customers to make sure it has a sustainable future in the banking sector (Farber, 2005). Ideas like these are ingrained in the morals, paradigms, and culture the bank mutually shares and distributes with a range of people of whom it identifies itself by fulfilling the needs and demands of each of the internal and external stakeholders. Thus it reports these facts in the corporate sustainability newsletters and brochures. The main sustainability paradigms followed by the bank as part of its sustainability drive involves the participation of all its stakeholders as a section of tactical decision making agenda along with meeting the wants and demands of the loyal clients in a way that minimal risk is involved as far as the well being of the society and the protection of environment is concerned. To make sustainability happen in the material world the bank undertakes various activities like digitisation of the banking services which are done in such a way that the customers are the real beneficiary and the banking products and functions can respond to a huge range of demographic changes that influence the way the banking operations are carried out to meet the objectives of the shareholders (Hutchins et al.2005). Another aspect of sustainability reporting is concerned with inclusivity which includes t all the stakeholders in the decision making process by informing them regarding the organisational object ives of the banking institution in precise and transparent manner. Corporate sustainability reporting Business corporate reporting at Westpac is all about establishing an unbiased as well as a distinct protocol in a process that the independent directors and board work to fulfil the wants and demands of all the related partners on issues concerning economic, social and environmental development. As per the annual general report of the bank more evidence point out that good corporate sustainability reporting principles make it possible to maximize the value of shareholders return that is conducted in a precise and transparent way. Each of the directors are accountable to the CEO as to how to report the social and ecological effect which is achieved by the financial institution and also how transparent reporting methods ensure that the bank is free from scandals and frauds related to mismanagement of money and the debt securities that have been issued. For example the board allows an effective whistle blower policy which protects the interest of the person who is exposing corporate mal practices and makes him eligible for total safety and security cover (Garage Melee, 2004). The diversity policy enables talented women employees to climb up the corporate ladder and rise to the top echelons of the organisation. The potency of corporate sustainability of the reporting standards of the bank is such that it brings all the pertinent information together and is disclosed to the common people as regards the activities of the upper management of the bank. The limitations are some of the confusing aspects in operation that do not form a part of the information like security of the savings as deposits and the fixed deposit of the customers of the bank against possible unfair means in the investment related aspects in the capital markets. ANZ bank The ANZ is one of the bigger banks operating in Australia and New Zealand which has achieved success in the banking institution due to its wide customer base and brand loyalty. Corporate social responsibility The bank supports the cause of environmental protection as it regularly lends finance to effective environmentally safe technology and ecological services industry which are working hard to reduce the effect of the manufacturing activities on the atmosphere critically dealing with the factor environment alteration. With the support of the World Bank the company has already issued its first green bond in the capital markets of Australia. 70 % of its power funding is allocated to finance edit of conventional power companies like those engaged in hydel, tidal and solar energy creation units in and around Australia and New Zealand. The bank has been very successful in accomplishing to reduce its carbon footprint by reducing the involvement of paper in operation in its branches to the lowest much ahead of rest of the businesses in Australia (Clapper Love, 2004). As Australia and New Zealand are now more of a cosmopolitan nation, the bank is now operating its online business in vernacular s for the sake of the consumers like those who belong to the ethnic minorities. The financial institution is fulfilling the requirements of an ageing populace to improve the lives for the natives of Australia. The CSR of ANZ bank involves different aspects like taking care of the communities through different works, also taking care of the employees that work within the organisation. Corporate sustainability reporting The principles of corporate sustainability reporting for a bank include different aspects like identification of the different obligations involved and roles of the employees and independent Chief Executive Officers the observing of social and environmental dimensions of the business. This bank emphasizes on fair accounting practices and projection profit and essential growth table of the institution in a distinct and precise process to the consumers. Effective corporate sustainability reporting practices have caused the fair allotment of work obligations and responsibilities among the senior level professionals of the bank. As per the annual general report submitted by the bank ethical code of conduct is supported by the upper level management in carrying out the regular operation of the bank (Bebchuk et al.2009). The investors are intimated of the operation procedure of the organisation goals it tries to achieve after the end of the financial year. As per the rules of ethical busin ess practices the bank observes great rigour in financial reporting and fair accounting standards to gain the confidence of the consumer base and the shareholders alike. There is a monitoring group that looks out for confusions and interest troubles in between the upper management parties in such a way that the problems could be fixed in due time before they rise to the level of corporate scandals (Klapper Love, 2004). The Corporate Responsibility reporting has got different strengths which helps the company to get back up from the employees as well as the other stakeholders like the investors, suppliers and consumers obviously. Task-3 Managing legitimacy through reporting is extremely vital for any business as it helps the business establishments to run their operations in a socially responsible and ethical manner. CSR information disclosures play an imperative part in helping the stakeholders to understand how much actively the organisations are involved in social activities and how has it helped in changing the face of the society. During the last decade business establishments have augmented the kind of information which is being revealed to their investors in the final financial statements. This recent trend is mainly attributed to the increased pressures from the government to ensure that organisations are conducting their business in a socially responsible manner and are playing a pro-active role towards the growth and development of the broader society. There are also various theories which have been spawned by experts in this field which embraces the increased social and environmental liabilities of the bu siness establishments (Farber, 2005). The main theory associated with legitimacy is the general idea that in order to make sure the smooth continuity of their business operations, business enterprises must act in such a manner so that they remain within the boundary of what the society considers being a socially acceptable behaviour. The business organisations need to play a dynamic role in the overall growth and development of the society and in order to ensure the realisation of this objective they must undertake effective measures. If business establishment are continuing their business in a socially unacceptable manner merely for the purpose of maximising their profits and revenues from the market then its future existence in the market would come under a lot of threat. Believers of this theory essentially are of the opinion that the business enterprises are trying to earn the trust and faith of their customers in the market by willingly revealing information regarding their societal activities in their annual busine ss reports. They are trying to legitimise their business operations in the market and remain in the good books of the government and the law enforcement authorities. It has also been found out that the propensity to disclose information regarding social and environmental activities are increased if a company has been involved in any kind of negative environmental activities which has been brought to light by the mainstream media. This helps the business establishments in defending or justifying their business activities which they have undertaken during the course of their business operations in the market (Klapper Love, 2004). Legitimacy of the reporting is mainly done based on the three different system oriented theories which helps to make the reporting effectively for the companies. For the above discussed companies Westpac Bank and ANZ Bank both of these companies have developed a strong viewpoint of their own to develop effective reporting. The corporate social reporting for these companies is based on the above mentioned theories. In the last few years organisations have focused on developing a strong hold over their consumers by revealing consistently effective information. These companies have managed their legitimacy effectively through effective dissemination of corporate social responsibility reporting information. For instance the Legitimacy theory is effective for both Westpac Bank and ANZ Bank as normally the legitimacy theory states that it is a common perception that the action of an entity is desirable with some socially framed format of norms, beliefs. The legitimacy theory plays an imper ative part in explaining the role of behaviour of an organisation and their disclosure of information about their social responsibilities which would help to recognise their social objectives (Montiel, 2008). It is important to mention that both the companies have consistently disclosed their corporate information. Both the companies do report activities as per the rules and regulations the expectation of the Australian society. In cases when organisations activity does not respect social and moral values the society then it becomes visible that the society doesnt support those organisations. Both ANZ and Westpac make sure that they indulge into activities that help to come close to the society. Green Banking and reducing paper information has helped the companies to keep effective relationship with the consumers. Similarly stakeholder theory looks at the relationship of both the companies with its internal and external stakeholders. Both ANZ and Westpac Bank have an effective relat ionship with its internal and external stakeholders. From the perspectives of the stakeholders they will be contented if their needs and wants are fulfilled. The stakeholder theory mainly shows that every company needs to take care of their stakeholders interest (Baumgartner Ebner, 2010). In this scenario both these companies manage their legitimacy by disclosing different corporate information. Both ANZ and Westpac apply different movements that help to have a good build up with the stakeholders. Finally the Institutional theory says that the institutional environment influences the formal structure of a business. 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